The Development of a Partially Averaged Navier–Stokes KSKL Model

A new partially averaged Navier–Stokes (PANS) closure is derived based on the k -√kL (KSKL) model. The aim of this new model is to incorporate the desirable features of the KSKL model, compared to the k - ω shear stress transport model, into the PANS framework. These features include reduced eddy-viscosity levels, a lower dependency on the cell height at the wall, well-defined boundary conditions, and improved iterative convergence. As well as the new model derivation, the paper demonstrates that these desirable features are indeed maintained, for a range of modeled-to-total turbulence kinetic energy ratios (f_K), and even for multiphase flow.